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JLPT N4Conjunctions

し— And also / What's more (listing reasons)

Connects multiple reasons or qualities, implying 'and also / what's more.' Unlike て which just links clauses, し emphasizes that each item is an additional reason supporting the conclusion.

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Pro lessonUNIT 54 · CONJUNCTIONS

Structure · 形

[Clause 1 plain form] し、[Clause 2 plain form] し、[Conclusion]

Examples · 例文

  • 彼女は頭もいいし、優しいし、人気があるのは当然だ。

    Kanojo wa atama mo ii shi, yasashii shi, ninki ga aru no wa touzen da.

    She's smart and kind, so it's no wonder she's popular.

    いいし + 優しいし = stacking multiple reasons

  • 雨だし、寒いし、今日は家にいよう。

    Ame da shi, samui shi, kyou wa ie ni iyou.

    It's raining and it's cold, so let's stay home today.

    雨だし + 寒いし = reasons supporting the decision

  • 値段も高いし、品質も悪いし、やめました。

    Nedan mo takai shi, hinshitsu mo warui shi, yamemashita.

    The price was high and the quality was bad, so I gave up on it.

    Two negative reasons → conclusion

Usage notes · 注意

  • Key concept: し adds the nuance of 'among other things' — it implies there are further unstated reasons.
  • し can stand alone as a reason: 疲れたし… (For one thing, I'm tired…).
  • Often paired with も (…も…し) and closed by から/ので.

Commonly confused with

The JLPT rarely asks whether you recognise a pattern — it asks which of several similar patterns fits. These are the ones し is tested against.

vsて (connective)

て simply links actions/qualities in sequence. し frames each clause as a REASON and hints there are more reasons beyond those listed.

vsから / ので

から/ので give a single, complete cause. し lists several partial reasons and leaves room for more; you often end a し-chain WITH から/ので.

More conjunctions

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