Expresses regular recurrence — "every X / each X / at every X." Covers both time intervals and every instance of something.
[Time period / Number / Noun] + ごとに
3時間ごとに薬を飲んでください。
Sanjikan goto ni kusuri o nonde kudasai.
Please take medicine every 3 hours.
3時間ごとに = at each 3-hour interval
駅ごとに電車が止まります。
Eki goto ni densha ga tomarimasu.
The train stops at every station.
駅ごとに = at each station
このバスは10分ごとに来ます。
Kono basu wa juppun goto ni kimasu.
This bus comes every 10 minutes.
10分ごとに = at each 10-minute interval
• ごとに vs おきに: ごとに = at EACH occurrence/interval (emphasized repetition). • Detail: おきに = with GAPS of that size between events (the interval between events). • Summary: With time, 3時間ごとに and 3時間おきに happen to coincide; but 1日おきに = every OTHER day, while 1日ごとに = every day — so they differ.
The JLPT rarely asks whether you recognise a pattern — it asks which of several similar patterns fits. These are the ones ごとに is tested against.
おきに sets the gap between events (1日おきに = every other day); ごとに counts each unit (1日ごとに = every single day). They diverge with countable units even though they align for continuous time like hours.
たびに means "every time (that) X happens" and attaches to verbs/events; ごとに attaches to nouns/numbers and marks each unit or interval.
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